Composting is a natural process that transforms organic waste into nutrient-rich soil, playing a crucial role in soil health and environmental sustainability. At the heart of this process are soil microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, that break down organic material, converting it into humus—a vital component of healthy soil. Composting not only reduces landfill waste but also enhances soil fertility, promotes plant growth, and helps sequester carbon. By understanding the microbial activities involved in composting, we can optimize this process to support sustainable agricultural practices and ecological balance.